▲炭疽病疫情已从非洲扩散至欧洲。(图/美国CDC)
2023年剩不到20天,世界卫生组织(WHO)今年登记的“可在全球造成严重破坏”传染疾病名单却又增添1笔,且疫情已从发源地尚比亚扩散到欧洲并造成4人死亡。WHO也警告,尚比亚等非洲10国目前仍处于高度的传染风险中。
据《每日星报》报导,这波炭疽病是继最新型的新冠病毒株、季节性流感、中国的多重呼吸道疾病与百日咳后,今年第5种正在传播的危险传染疾病。WHO指出,截至11月20日,最早爆发疫情的东南非国家尚比亚已有684人染疫,发源地希纳宗格韦(Sinazongwe)287名患者中有半数不治,打破该国炭疽病疫情纪录,另有10头牛、3只山羊被感染。
让WHO官员更头痛的是,疫情除可能在安哥拉、波札那、刚果民主共和国、马拉威、莫三比克、纳米比亚、坦尚尼亚及乌干达等尚比亚邻国爆发,罗马尼亚也确认有多起病例,并带走某小镇4位居民生命。WHO指出,由于尚比亚与各邻国有频繁的人、畜流动,“病毒也可能随着河流及湖泊上的动物尸体,继续传播到其他地区”。
据资料,炭疽病为人畜共通传染疾病,人类通常经由接触、食入受感染动物或吸入大量炭疽孢子感染;疾病可分为出现小脓疱或丘疹,未治疗死亡率可达40%的“皮肤型”、症状类似感冒但恶化极快,死亡率也高的“吸入型”、好发于颊黏膜、舌、扁桃腺及后咽壁,症状为恶心、呕吐、食欲不振、轻微腹泻,恶化快死亡率也高的“肠胃型”等3种。
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