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误解已久的真相:古人原来平时不说“文言文”
文章来源: 国家人文历史 于
2023-09-17 12:45:15
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大家平时看到关于过去古书留下的历史,无论是对话或单纯记载的内容,大多以文言文记载,由此也不禁让人好奇,难道古人连平时说话都以文言文沟通吗?事实上,过去古人对话的语言,在先秦时代仍类似于文言文,直至两汉时期才开始有了差异,而唐宋以后的对话更近似于当今口语,甚至连皇帝与群臣之间的正事谈话,也不再是使用文言文沟通。
根据《国家人文历史》报导指出,根据中国语言学家王力在《古代汉语》表示,文言文是以先秦时期的口语为基础而记载的古汉语书面语言,也是后来历代作家仿古作时所用的语言,由此可得知,文言其实可以解释为一种规范化的书面用语,而大家所熟知的文言文则为以文言为基础写成的文章。
然而,文言文也不是一出现就是书面中的用语,学界普遍认为,在先秦时期的口语对话形式和文言文是一致的,直至两汉才逐渐有了差距,而文邹邹的文言文发展速度又赶不上口语,从而造成两者之间的差异逐渐变大。
而到了唐宋时期,大众的口语对话又逐渐转变为新的书面语「白话」,然而在大多数知识份子眼中,文言文更为言简意赅且具备一定的格调,同时继承了从前名士的遗风,反观白话文就较为囉唆且无文采,使当时的文人认为上不了檯面,造成他们仍坚持以文言文方式写作来体现文化高低差异、提高阅读门槛的书面呈现方式,也造就了「读书人」的身份象徵。
有鑑于此,先秦时期的君王及朝臣在谈论正事时,沟通的方式应与文言文相似,然而到了唐宋至清明时期,皇帝和朝臣的对话方式越来越直接、易懂,近似于现代的口语表达方式,像是康熙帝批阅奏摺时便回覆,「知道了,此事奏明的是,尔再打听还有什麽閒话,写摺来奏。」可以看出是非常地浅显易懂。
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